![]() It is possible to develop real links between performance targets and budgets, although generally not of a formularized nature. This paper considers three approaches – budget-linked performance targets, budgeting based upon output or outcome costs, and budgetary performance incentives – and assesses their potential to enhance the results/funding link. Influential contemporary performance budgeting models have sought to tighten the link between results and budgets. In addition, two case studies on budgeting are presented that cover Kenya and South Africa. The second part of this volume presents an overview of issues involved in prioritizing and sequencing public expenditure management in Africa and in post-conflict countries. In addition, implementation issues in introducing integrated financial information management systems and assessment methods for public expenditure management and financial accountability are discussed. Both the traditional and modern concepts of budgeting and accounting are elaborated. It covers budget processes, methods, and associated tools and practices. The first part provides a primer on budgeting and budgetary institutions. This volume provides a comprehensive guide to reforming budgeting and budgetary institutions. The reform of these institutions is critical to improving government performance in service delivery and to strengthening parliamentary and citizens’ oversight on government operations. In developing countries, especially in Africa, budgetary processes and institutions are not yet well enough developed to perform the above-mentioned functions adequately instead, they provide work as means of legalistic controls. The effectiveness of budgetary institutions has been recognized in the economic and political science literature as contributing to improved fiscal and economic outcomes. These include setting priorities in the allocation of public resource planning to achieve policy goals establishing finance control over inputs to ensure compliance with rules managing operations with fiscal prudence, efficiency, and integrity and ensuring accountability to taxpayers. Budgetary institutions and the budgetary process fulfill several important functions.
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